What is Esperanto?
There is a well-argued overview of Esperanto written and kept up to date by Donald Harlow of California. The article offers a wider range of details than you might expect, e.g. on constructed languages and the opinions of some twentieth century governments. It contains practical suggestions on how you might use Esperanto and where you could find more information via the net in many countries across the world.
A condensed, but highly technical answer to the above question is offered by Ed Robertson on the Scottish Esperanto Association's website. Professional inquirers are directed to further reading, including the book by Christopher Gledhill, "The Grammar of Esperanto: A corpus-based description" (2nd edition), München: Lincom, 2000
"The world has a serious language problem. We have a solution which is easy, useful, and most importantly, fair" So opens a short but exemplified account from the British Esperanto Association.